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2017 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Apr 19];28(1):21829

Review: microbial transformations of human bile acids

It is essential for controlling the immune system, regulating inflammatory reactions, and triggering apoptosis

[95] reported that ME/CFS patients exhibited higher levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide than healthy controls, along with elevated oxidative stress markers and increased inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-, and C-reactive protein)

These include ER stress signaling, the integrated stress response (ISR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated apoptosis