For example, a recent study found that quitting smoking improved sperm concentration, semen volume, and overall sperm count (182)
Studies showed that probiotic supplementation can both increase bone density and protect against primary (estrogen-deficiency) and secondary osteoporosis ( - Hypocholestaemic action ( - Anti-carcinogenic, antimutagenic and anti-allergic activities ( - Production of H 2 O 2 by probiotics promotes epithelial restitution ( - Production of antimicrobial agents, organic acids and bacteriocins ( - Their action on the intestinal immune system ( Figure 1 Specifically, some probiotics induce activation of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes and secretion of IgA by lamina propria plasma cells to neutralize pathogens, while other probiotics suppress the Th1 inflammatory response and the production of inflammatory cytokines IL-12, TNF-a, and stimulate Treg lymphocytes ( Undoubtedly antibiotics play a crucial role in the treatment of infections, however their uncontrollable use has led to serious ecological consequences but also for human health, as for example the increase of multi-resistant strains and the alteration of human floras and specifically of the intestinal microbiota and its functions ( According to WHO, probiotics are living microorganisms, which, when consumed in adequate amounts, have a health benefit for the host. Historically, Metchnikoff was the first scientist to propose the use of probiotics
Side effects may include infection, cytokine release syndrome, or neurologic toxicities
The etiology of these reactions is not known
doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.22.15493 33 DhakshinamoorthyS.JaiswalA
