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However, its pro-oxidant activity is different antioxidant activity

Data synthesis focused on mechanistic evidence describing how toxicants particularly microplastics, heavy metals, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals interfere with physiological and biochemical pathways, leading to outcomes such as renal dysfunction, neurological impairment, respiratory disorders, and endocrine disruption

Smoking: Environmental toxins in smoke create a high demand for antioxidant protection

Additional secreted factors like resistin, visfatin, and retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) also shape metabolic outcomes

Recent studies have also investigated clinical implications of GS, including its association with metabolic associated steatotic liver disease, cardiovascular disease, mental health and mortality risk, highlighting the complex interplay between genetic factors, bilirubin metabolism, and clinical outcomes