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The modulation of these signaling pathways through therapeutic interventions, such as the use of phytochemicals or specific inhibitors, holds promise for mitigating the harmful effects of OS and improving outcomes in neurodegenerative diseases (Sebghatollahi et al., 2025)

Alveolar macrophage response is increased by SP-A

In the absence of amino acids such as cystine, cells promote translation of ATF4 via the general control non-repressor 2 (GCN2) -eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF2a) signaling pathway, which promotes transcription of genes involved in amino acid metabolism and stress response, including SLC7A11, enabling cells to cope with amino acid starvation

Therefore, the body requires both the amino acids and connection-facilitating enzymes to make enough glutathione [37]

Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Blagaic B, Brcic L, Zoricici M, Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in trials for inflammatory bowel disease