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For precise assessment, analytical techniques such as HPLC or mass spectrometry may be used

PLoS ONE 13 , e0191102 (2018)

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In skeletal muscle specifically, MOTS-c has been shown to enhance glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) translocation to the cell surface, the molecular mechanism by which muscle cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream

This process is facilitated by the protonation of amine groups grafted onto the polymer surface within endosomes (pH 56) and lysosomes (pH 45), which possess strong proton-buffering capacity and induce rapid osmotic swelling, thereby promoting cargo release