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Neuropsychopharmacology 37 , 13051320 (2012)

Ulteriorly, the mechanisms of PACS involve viral infection-induced inflammatory and immune responses (Ruf, 2024)

doi: 10.4300/JGME-5-4-18 274 MarottaLKwokaTScottDSnowMAstillTSheltonC

In HBP, fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P) is converted to glucosamine-6-phosphate (Glucosamine-6-P) by glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), and glucosamine-6-P is converted to uridine 5-diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), which serves as the donor sugar nucleotide for the O-GlcNAcylation of lipids and proteins

Because melasma often involves inflammation and sun exposure, this mechanism can be helpful in targeted skincare routines